Cost and benefit of energetic plants - challenges for environment friendly management

Biomass energy has been recognized as one of the most promising and most important renewable energy sources in near future. It was emphasized that besides of woody plant species as energetic plants can be also used both crops (mainly maize, rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, sorghum, sugarcane) and non-food plants (e.g. switchgrass, jatropha, algae). Energetic plant was characterized as a plant grown as a low cost and low maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, or directly exploited for its energy content (heating or electric power production). Moreover, by-products (green waste) of crops and non-food plants can be also used to produce biofuels. It was stressed that European production of biodiesel from energy crops has grown steadily in the last decade, principally focused on rapeseed used for oil as a substance in FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) production. Similar tendency was observed for bioethanol (as a biocomponent in gasoline) prepared mainly from maize or cereals. At present bioethanol and biodiesel primarily produced from the crops (maize and rapeseed) are used in the traffic. However, in the past these crops were used only as a food. Consequently, a new ethical problem appeared: discrepancy between utilization of maize and rapeseed as a food or as an alternative source of energy. New biotechnological approach showed that energetic plants have also significant application for environment friendly management, mainly in phytoremediation technology. Phytoremediation was presented as a cleanup technology belonging to the cost-effective and environment-friendly biotechnology. Thus several types of phytoremediation technologies being used today were briefly outlined.