Geographical patterns in range extension of Ponto-Caspian macroinvertebrate species in Europe

2002 
Range extensions of aquatic Ponto-Caspian macroinvertebrate species in Europe have mainly been facilitated by the interconnection of river basins through man-made canals and intentional introductions. Three inland migration corri - dors can be distinguished: (i) a northern corridor: Volga → Lake Beloye → Lake Onega → Lake Ladoga → Neva → Baltic Sea, (ii) a central corridor connecting the rivers Dnieper → Vistula → Oder → Elbe → Rhine, and (iii) a southern corridor connecting the Danube and Rhine rivers. Important trade harbours in Europe were connected via these corridors allowing further range extensions of macroinvertebrate species attached to a vessel's hull or in ballast water. The central corridor was the main migration route before 1992, after which the southern corridor became the most important migration route for the range expansions to the west because of the reopening of the Main-Danube Canal, connecting the Rhine and Danube basins. Especially the water level maintenance in the upper part of the canal, with water supply from the Danube basin, facilitated migration of mobile animals (e.g., crustaceans) from the Danube basin towards the Rhine basin; however, contribution of other transport mechanisms (e.g., shipping) is expected in the near future. Resume : L'extension vers l'Europe des aires de repartition des especes pontocaspiennes de macroinvertebres aquatiques a ete facilitee principalement par l'interconnection des bassins hydrographiques par la construction de canaux, ainsi que par des introductions deliberees. On peut reconnaitre trois corridors de migration a l'interieur du continent: (i) un corridor boreal: Volga → lac Blanc → lac Onega → lac Ladoga → Neva → mer Baltique, (ii )u n corridor central reliant les fleuves Dnieper → Vistule → Oder → Elbe → Rhin et (iii) un corridor austral joignant le Danube et le Rhin. D'importants ports commerciaux europeens sont relies par ces corridors, ce qui permet des extensions d'aires suplementaires d'especes de macroinvertebres attachees aux coques des navires ou contenues dans l'eau de ballastage. Le corridor central constituait la voie principale de migration avant 1992, apres quoi la voie australe est devenue la route privilegiee d'extension des aires vers l'Occident a cause de la reouverture du canal Main- Danube, reliant les bassins du Rhin et du Danube. En particulier, le maintien des niveaux d'eau dans la partie superieure du canal par apport d'eau provenant du bassin du Danube favorise la migration d'animaux mobiles (e.g., les crustaces) du bassin du Danube vers celui du Rhin. Neanmoins, l'importance d'autres mecanismes de transport (e.g., le commerce maritime) augmentera, sans doute, dans un avenir rapproche.
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