Developmental changes in DNA methylation and covalent histone modifications of chromatin associated with the ε-, γ-, and β-globin gene promoters in Papio anubis

Abstract The baboon is a suitable and relevant animal model to study the mechanism of human globin gene switching. This investigation addresses the role of DNA methylation and histone coding in globin gene switching in the baboon, Papio anubis . Bisulfite sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies were performed in erythroid cells purified from fetuses of varying gestational ages and from adult bone marrow to analyze the manner that changes in DNA methylation of the e-, γ-, and β-globin promoters and association of ac-H3, ac-H4, H3-dimeK4, H3-dimeK36, and H3-dimeK79 with the e-, γ-, and β-globin promoters occur during development. Changes in DNA methylation of the e- and γ-globin gene promoters during transitional stages of globin gene switching were consistent with the stochastic model of methylation and a role of DNA methylation in gene silencing. Enrichment of ac-H3, ac-H4, and pol II at the promoters of developmentally active genes was observed, while the pattern of distribution of H3-dimeK4 and H3-dimeK79 suggests that these modifications are found near both currently and formerly active promoters. Enrichment of H3-dimeK36 at the silenced e-globin gene promoter was observed. These studies demonstrate that coordinated epigenetic modifications in the chromatin structure of the β-like globin gene promoters accompany the highly regulated changes in expression patterns of these genes during development.