Blinded by the light: The need to nuance our expectations of how modern energy will increase productivity for the poor in Kenya

Abstract This article explores the gaps in our understanding of how to maximize economic development from increased access and use of modern energy in low-income countries. We argue that despite the obvious value energy has for development, its potential can be enhanced by a better understanding of energy use at an individual and community level. Drawing on qualitative data collected from 75 in-depth interviews with energy users in Kenya, and utilising social practice theory, we find that while people are enthusiastic about energy access, there is a complicated path to traverse before its benefits can be fully exploited and sustainable changes occur. Respondents in our sample had limited ideas for how they could use increased access to improve existing businesses or start new ones, which often reflected their lived experiences rather than innovative applications to facilitate economic activity. Where people could see uses for energy for their businesses there were many barriers to achieving those opportunities, highlighting a complex array of factors beyond simple access and use of energy that drives people’s business decisions. We conclude that to realise the benefits promised by modern energy use, we need more nuanced understandings of energy, and the interlinked role it plays in society.