Humidity observations and column simulations for a warm period at the Mars Phoenix lander site: Constraining the adsorptive properties of regolith

Abstract Two recalibrated sets of Phoenix (PHX) near-surface TECP air humidity measurements were compared with results from adsorptive single column model simulations during a warm clear-sky polar midsummer period, PHX sols 50–60. The model's 2 m temperatures were close to the observed values. Relative humidity (RH) is very low during the day but at night RH at 2 m reaches nearly 100% by the Zent et al. (2016) recalibration (Z), and 60–70% by the Fischer et al. (2019) recalibration (F). Model values of RH2m are close to Z and F at night and to F during the day. All three imply low water vapor pressures near the surface at night, 0.03–0.05 Pa, with a rapid increase each morning to 0.3–1 Pa and a decrease in the evening by both F and the model simulation. The model's daily adsorbed and desorbed water is in balance for regolith porosity of 16% (instead of 35% for lower latitudes). The depleted layer of nighttime air moisture extends to only about 200 m above the surface; hence the model's precipitable water content stays around the observed ~30 μm throughout the sol. The model's moisture cycle is not sensitive to tortuosity of the regolith but the in-pore molecular diffusivity should be at least 5 cm2/s for fair agreement with the observations. In the adsorption experiments there is no fog and just a hint of ground frost, as observed during this period. Strong night frosts appear if adsorption is made weak or absent in the model.