Dynamic Analysis of Switching-Mode DC/DC Converters

1. Survey of the Existing Analysis Methods.- 1. Introduction to the Injected-Absorbed-Current Method of Analysis.- 1-1 Theoretical Foundation.- 1-2 General, Low-Frequency, Small-Signal Model of a Switching Cell.- 1-3 Cell Transfer Functions.- 1-4 General Formulas for the Derivation of the Characteristic Coefficients.- 1-5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2. Elementary Converters Operating at Constant Frequency with Duty Ratio as Controlled Quantity.- 2-1 Introduction.- 2-2 Buck Cell.- 2-3 Buck-Boost Cell.- 2-4 Boost Cell.- 2-5 Tabulation of Derived Transfer Functions, Comments.- 2-6 Influence of Capacitor Series Resistance.- 2-7 Characteristic Coefficients.- 2-8 Influence of the Inductor Resistance.- 2-9 Summary-1. Survey of the Existing Analysis Methods.- 1. Introduction to the Injected-Absorbed-Current Method of Analysis.- 1-1 Theoretical Foundation.- 1-2 General, Low-Frequency, Small-Signal Model of a Switching Cell.- 1-3 Cell Transfer Functions.- 1-4 General Formulas for the Derivation of the Characteristic Coefficients.- 1-5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 2. Elementary Converters Operating at Constant Frequency with Duty Ratio as Controlled Quantity.- 2-1 Introduction.- 2-2 Buck Cell.- 2-3 Buck-Boost Cell.- 2-4 Boost Cell.- 2-5 Tabulation of Derived Transfer Functions, Comments.- 2-6 Influence of Capacitor Series Resistance.- 2-7 Characteristic Coefficients.- 2-8 Influence of the Inductor Resistance.- 2-9 Summary-General Expression of Regulator Input Impedance.- 2-10 Correspondence Between the Cell Model Using Characteristic Coefficients and Other Known Models.- 3. General Small-Signal, Low-Frequency Analysis of Switching Regulators.- 3-1 Introduction.- 3-2 Modulator Transfer Functions.- 3-3 Essential Parameters of a Closed-Loop Regulator: Input Impedance, Output Impedance, Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function.- References.- 4. State-Variables-Averaging Method.- 4-1 Introduction.- 4-2 Continuous-Conduction Mode.- 4-3 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode.- References.- 2. Multiple-Loop Switching Power Cells.- 5. Elementary Switching Power Cells with Inductor Current as Controlled Quantity.- 5-1 Introduction.- 5-2 Open-Loop Instability of Power Cells Using Constant-Frequency Peak-Current-Commanding Control.- 5-3 Characteristic Coefficients of Elementary Power Cells Using Constant-Frequency Peak-Current-Commanding Control and Linear Compensating Ramp.- 5-4 Output Characteristic Coefficients of the Buck Cell in Heavy Mode with Hysteretic, Constant Off Time, and PWM-Conductance Control.- 5-5 Practical Evaluation of Different Current-Mode Control Techniques.- References.- 6. Multiple-Loop Switching Cells Using Inductor Voltage in a Minor Feedback Loop.- 6-1 Introduction.- 6-2 Pole-Zero Cancellation in a Buck Cell in Heavy Mode Using an IVI Configuration.- 6-3 Transfer Functions of Different Functional Blocks.- 6-4 Complete Small-Signal, Low-Frequency Model of a Switching Regulator Using the IVI Configuration.- 6-5 IVI Configuration in Applications.- References.- 3. Special Configurations.- 7. ?uk and SEPIC Switching Cells.- 7-1 Introduction.- 7-2 Characteristic Coefficients of the ?uk Converter in Heavy Mode.- 7-3 Extensions of the ?uk Converter.- 7-4 Comments.- 7-5 The SEPIC Converter as a Derivative of the ?uk Converter.- References.- 8. Analysis of Power Cells with Duty-Ratio Control at Variable Frequency.- 8-1 Introduction.- 8-2 Porter Switching Cell.- 8-3 Switching Cells with Constant Off Time or Constant On Time Control.- 8-4 Buck Cell in Heavy Mode with Frequency Control and Feedforward of Input Voltage.- References.- 9. Free-Running Hysteretic Regulator.- 9-1 Introduction.- 9-2 Exact Steady-State Analysis.- 9-3 Approximate Steady-State Analysis.- 9-4 Design Example.- 9-5 Transient Analysis.- References.- 4. Applications of Linear Analysis Method.- 10. Interconnection of a Power Source and a Switching Regulator.- 10-1 Introduction.- 10-2 Switching Regulator with Capacitive Input Filter.- 10-3 Analysis of the Switching Regulator with General Input Filter.- 10-4 Influence of Input Filter on Regulator Parameters.- 10-5 Simplified Approach.- 10-6 Regulator Employing a Buck Cell Operating at Constant Frequency, in Heavy Mode, with Duty Ratio Control, Preceded by an Input LC Filter.- 10-7 Final Remarks.- References.- 11. Feedforward in Switching Regulators.- 11-1 Introduction.- 11-2 A Combined Input Voltage and Output Current Feedforward in Regulators Using Switching Cells with Inductor Current as the Controlled Quantity.- 11-3 Feedforward Concept in Configurations with an Input Filter.- 11-4 Feedforward of Major Perturbations.- References.- 12. Parallel Operation of Switching Regulators.- 12-1 Introduction.- 12-2 Paralleled Autonomous Sources with Feedback-Controlled Current-Sharing.- 12-3 Conclusions.- References.- 5. Selected Analytic Approaches and Applications and Future Advances in Analysis Methods.- 13. Selected Analysis Examples.- 13-1 Introduction.- 13-2 Small-Signal Analysis of a Regulator Using a Buck Cell at Constant Frequency, in Heavy Mode, and with a Fast Voltage-Feedback Path.- 13-3 Small-Signal Analysis of a Regulator Using a Buck Cell at Constant Frequency, in Heavy Mode, and with Combined Fast Voltage and Output-Current Feedback.- 13-4 State-Plane Analysis of a Boost Cell.- References.- 14. High-Frequency Extension of the Linear Cell Model.- 14-1 Introduction.- 14-2 Inclusion of the Discrete (Sampled) Injected-Current Waveform into the Cell Model.- 14-3 Derivation of the Discrete Characteristic Coefficients of a Boost Cell in Heavy Mode, at Constant Switching Frequency, and with Duty Ratio as Controlled Quantity.- 14-4 Comparison of the Transfer Functions Obtained by Different Approaches.- 14-5 Discrete Characteristic Coefficients of the Elementary Switching Cells in Heavy and Light Modes, at Constant Switching Frequency, and with Duty Ratio as Controlled Quantity.- 14-6 Discrete Characteristic Coefficients of the Elementary Switching Cells in Heavy Mode, at Constant Switching Frequency, with Maximum Inductor Current as Controlled Quantity, and with Linear Compensating Ramp.- 14-7 Conclusions.- References.- Appendixes.- Appendix 1. Additional Information for Chapter 5.- A1-1 Derivation of Time Delay Between Control and Injected Current for Constant Off Time Current-Mode Control.- A1-2 Control-to-Output Voltage Functions of CurrentMode-Controlled Buck Converter with Three Different Control Methods.- Appendix 2. Graphical-Analytical Representation of Transfer Functions.- A2-1 Introduction.- A2-2 Transfer Functions of Passive Networks.- References.- Appendix 3. Examples and Problems.- A3-1 Introduction.- A3-2 Appendix to Chapter 2-Regulators Employing Elementary Cells, Operating at Constant Switching Frequency, and with Duty Ratio as the Controlled Quantity.- A3-3 Appendix to Chapter 14-Successive Approximations of the Cell Controlled-Quantity-to-Output-Voltage Transfer Function.- Appendix 4. Sources of Technical Information.- A4-1 Conferences.- A4-2 Periodicals.- A4-3 Compendia.- A4-4 Textbooks.