Macular Pigment in Eyes With Macular Hole Formation and Its Change After Surgery.

Purpose To observe the macular pigment (MP) appearances in eyes with macular hole (MH) and clarify the origin of the appearances. The mechanisms underlying the development of MH are discussed based on the observation of MP. Methods This observational case series included 33 eyes of 31 patients with MH who underwent vitrectomy. The MP optical density was measured using the two-wavelength fundus autofluorescence technique. The exact localization of MP was evaluated by comparing MP distribution images and optical coherent tomography B-scan images. Results MP was missing at the MH. The area of the MP defect corresponded with the area of the defect of outer plexiform layer. MP was present in the retinal flap in stage 2 MH that included glia (Muller cells) and plexiform layers and in the operculum in stage 3 MH, which mainly comprised Muller cells. Cystic spaces in the outer plexiform layer surrounding stage 3 and 4 MHs showed a honeycomb appearance on MP images. MP reappeared to form an irregularly shaped pigment plane after surgical closure of MH. The MP optical volume did not change before and after surgery. Fellow eyes with a central dip in MP distribution subsequently developed MH. Conclusions The characteristic appearances of MP at the MH were attributed to MP in the plexiform layers and Muller cell cones. A central dip of MP distribution might be a sign of Muller cell cone damage that proceeds with MH formation. Translational Relevance Observation of MP was useful for understanding the mechanisms of MH formation.