Redox probe-based amperometric sensing for solid-contact ion-selective electrodes

Abstract The transformation from the traditional potentiometric response of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) to other signal readout is promising to realize the potential signal amplification. In this work, the redox probes, including ferrocyanide/ferricyanide (Fe(CN)63−/4-), hexaammineruthenium (Ru(NH3)63+) and ferrocene derivatives, were introduced to read out the potentiometric response for the solid-contact Ca2+-ISE. The mechanism is that the redox current of the redox probe on a glassy carbon electrode is modulated by the potential of the ISE through changing the concentrations/activities of Ca2+ under the control of the constant applied potential. Results show that the linear range and the slope sensitivity for detection Ca2+ by using the amperometric signal based on Fe(CN)64−/3- redox probe are adjustable through changing the applied potentials. Moreover, the redox probe-based amperometric signal for the solid-contact Ca2+-ISE is found to be related to both of the types of the redox probes and the electrode areas. This work provides a convenient and general method for translating the potential response at mV grade to the amperometric signal at the μA level, and is promising for detection of ions with high sensitivity by using the ISEs.