Liquid Nutrient Formulations for Red Rapid Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Production under Aggregate Hydroponic System

Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal is a common contaminant in rice paddy soil. Phytoremediation is seen as one of the cheaper methods of removing heavy metals from contaminated soil. This research was designed to test the efficacy of three weed species (Ipomoea aquatica L, Sphenoclea zeylanica Schmidt and Pistia stratiotes L.) associated with low-land rice (Oryza sativa L.) to extract Cd from a rice paddy soil near two industrial establishments in a rural area in the Philippines. Levels of initial and final Cadmium content of the soil were analyzed. Soil pH, and moisture, as well as the Cd content of the plants were also compared after harvest. The tested weed species significantly reduced the soil Cd level compared to rice and the negative control, suggesting the potential of these weeds in extracting Cd from the soil. Among the three weeds, Pistia stratiotes had the highest total cadmium concentration level followed by Ipomeoa aquatica, and Sphenoclea zeylanica, while rice had the lowest concentration. These weeds then can be used for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil.