Disentangling the molecular mechanisms of multiple sclerosis: the contribution of twin studies

Abstract Twin studies of disease concordance are useful to weight the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the cause of common complex disorders. In multiple sclerosis (MS) different twinning rates from geographic areas at different prevalence suggested that heritable and non-heritable factors contribute in different proportions and ways to MS risk in diverse populations. This concept prompted genome-wide association studies, and the implementation of the co-twin control design, that allows stringent experimental approaches in MS-discordant identical pairs, controlling for genetic influences and many other known and unknown factors. The co-twin control design provided important clues on MS molecular model. These studies will be reviewed, focusing on those showing significant differences between affected and healthy co-twins. In some cases, differences that emerged in non-twin patients compared to matched controls were not confirmed in identical MS-discordant pairs, suggesting an ‘MS subclinical trait’. Early patterns of magnetic resonance imaging and predictive biomarkers that characterize ‘healthy’ co-twins may be useful for the identification of a prodromal reversible phase of the disease.