Distributed Charging Management of Electric Vehicles in Smart Microgrids

The uncoordinated integration of a great number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) possibly leads to undervoltages and overcurrents in a Distribution Network (DN). It may also increase the power losses in the DN, and in severe cases, it is probable that the DN collapses. Therefore, control and management systems are necessary for avoiding the negative consequences of EV charging. In addition, by the advent of bidirectional chargers and sophisticated EV Supply Equipment (EVSE), objectives beyond saving the DN from becoming upset can be defined for EVs as auxiliary services (also referred to as ancillary services).