Optimization of Urban Planning and Design to Support Biodiversity in Multiple Habitats

Based on the research results in Chaps. 3 and 4, referring to the six effects and according to different spatial dimensions and planning control levels (master plan, regulatory plan, and urban design), the affecting factors in the urban built environment on the macro and the meso-micro scale are divided into the following six categories (as shown in Table 5.1). Table 5.1 Affecting factors showing different effects in urban built environment on biodiversity on the macro scale and on the meso-micro scale Scale Macro scale Meso & micro scale Planning level Master plan Regulatory plan Urban design Ratio effect GDP/per km2 of land (−),building density (−), population density (−), road network density (−), high-rise building area ratio (−), area proportion of cultivated land/water area and wetland/forest/major wildlife habitat (+) FAR (−), building density (−), ratio of green space (+), ratio of water surface (+) Area effect Area of ecological land (+), area of water area and wetland (+), area of cultivated land (+), area of parks (+) (including area of a single park (+)), area of major wildlife habitats (+) Area of green Space (+), patch density (−), largest patch area of green space (+), largest water patch area (+) Coverage area of trees (+), Coverage area of groundcover plants (+) Edge effect Perimeter area ratio of green space (m/m2) (−), perimeter area ratio of the largest patch of green space (−), interfered border/proximate border (−), Setback rate of woods’ edge (−) Distance effect Waterfront-forest proximity (+) Mean proximity index of green space (+) Network effect Water network (+) Patch aggregation of green space (+) Patch aggregation index of green space (+) Height effect Species richness of vegetation (+), Average height of trees (+) Note + for positive affecting factor, and − for negative affecting factor