Monitoring molecular orientational order in NLO push–pull based polymeric films via photoacoustic measurements

Abstract The pulsed-laser photoacoustic-technique (PLPA) was implemented to characterize molecular orientational order and anisotropy in push–pull poled polymeric films as function of temperature and laser polarization. Traditionally, photoacoustic signals are considered to be directly proportional to the linear optical absorption in amorphous media. In this work, however, it is shown that photoacoustic signals can also be highly sensitive to the material anisotropy when convenient polarization dependent photoacoustic analyses are performed. Thus, variation of the molecular orientation in organic films, comprising rod-like polar chromophores, can be unambiguously monitored via rms-analyses performed on the amplitude of the generated opto-acoustical PLPA-signals as function of the incident laser polarization. This result can be useful for the characterization of organic-based nonlinear optical (NLO) poled films and, in general, in studies of anisotropic materials. In fact, in this work we were able to accurately determine the molecular order parameter ( ϕ ) of a NLO-active spin-coated polymeric film containing optically active push–pull chromophores. These molecules, previously oriented via an electrical-poling procedure, are capable to exhibit strong second harmonic generation (SHG) effects. The PLPA-measurements were systematically compared to the linear UV–vis optical absorbance spectra while heating the poled film sample in order to monitor the thermally induced molecular disorder, so that the order parameter may be photo-acoustically evaluated via the PLPA-signals generated from the poled to the unpoled film phase. These PLPA-experiments were performed taking into account the UV–vis reference spectra for calibration and comparison purposes in the evaluation of the order parameter. A significant advantage of the PLPA-technique over commonly used optical spectral methodologies is its convenient applicability in samples exhibiting poor or null optical transmission.