Frequency Effects or Context Effects in Second Language Word Learning: What Predicts Early Lexical Production?.

This study examines frequency, contextual diversity, and contextual distinctiveness effects in predicting produced versus not-produced frequent nouns and verbs by early second language (L2) learners of English. The study analyzes whether word frequency is the strongest predictor of early L2 word production independent of contextual diversity and distinctiveness and whether differences exist in the lexical properties of nouns and verbs that can help explain beginning-level L2 word production. The study uses machine learning algorithms to develop models that predict produced and unproduced words in L2 oral discourse. The results demonstrate that word frequency is the strongest classifi er of whether a noun is produced or not produced in beginning L2 oral discourse, whereas contextual diversity is the strongest classifi er of whether a verb is produced or not produced. Post hoc tests reveal that nouns are more concrete, meaningful, imageable, specifi c, and unambiguous than verbs, which indicates that lexical properties may explain differences in noun and verb production. Thus, whereas distributional