Global scale underwater sound modeling and data analysis

Underwater low-frequency sound can travel great distances in the oceans, and sound triggered in the sea by the mechanical energy transfer from the Earth's crust (e.g., earthquakes or volcanoes) and by the energy transfer occurring at the water surface (e.g., wave storms or ice-quakes) can be detected at thousands of kilometers from the source. However, source characterization based on recorded sound data analysis involves significant scientific challenges and uncertainties. A variety of geological and physical oceanographic features can cause horizontal refraction, reflection, and diffraction on global scale sound propagation. In this regard, three-dimensional underwater sound models are required for accurately predicting global scale sound propagation. In this work, based on a Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge earthquake event, we show the importance of geological and physical oceanographic features in the long range propagation of oceanic sound. A three-dimensional sound propagation model using the parabolic ...