A Mixed Integer Least-Squares Formulation of the GNSS Snapshot Positioning Problem.

This paper presents a formulation of Snapshot Positioning as a mixed-integer least-squares problem. In snapshot positioning one estimates a position from code-phase and possibly Doppler observations of a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) without knowing the time of departure (time stamp) of the codes. Solving the problem allows a receiver to determine a fix from short radio-frequency snapshots missing the time-stamp information embedded in the GNSS data stream. This is used to reduced the time to first fix in some receivers, and it is used in certain wildlife trackers. This paper presents two new formulations of the problem and an algorithm that solves the resulting mixed-integer least-squares problems. We also show that the new formulations can produce fixes even with huge initial errors, much larger than permitted in Van Diggelen's widely-cited coarse-time navigation method.