Cancer Microbiome and Immunotherapy: Understanding the Complex Responses Between Microbes, Immunity, and Cancer

The microbiome is the inherited substance of the numerous microscopic organisms that exist on and within the human body, including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The human gut microbiota is dominatingly made out of four groups of microbial phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria; this entire microbiome assumes a significant job to the improvement of immunity. However, disruption of this homeostatic host–microorganism relationship can promote disease pathogenesis, such as in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Current investigations additionally show with the intention of the gut microbiome might influence the reaction to cancer treatment, by balancing the host cell inflammatory reaction. As the investigation of the microbiome is growing, various endeavors are being prepared to incline the range on the “ideal” microbiome region. In this regard, this chapter extensively discusses various types of cancers and the role of the microbiome in their treatment.