Actinidia arguta sprout as a natural antioxidant: Ameliorating effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment.

The effect of Actinidia arguta sprout water extract (AASWE) as prebiotics and antioxidants on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive deficit mice was investigated. AASWE increased viable cell count, titratable acidity, and acetic acid production in Lactobacillus reuteri strain and showed a cytoprotective effect on LPS-induced inflammation in HT-29 cells. Behavior assessment was measured using Y-maze, passive avoidance and Morris water maze tests, and administration of AASWE significantly improved learning and memory function in LPS-induced cognitive deficit mice. The AASWE group also showed antioxidant activity through down-regulation of malondialdehyde levels and up-regulation of superoxide dismutase levels in brain tissue. In addition, the AASWE group activated the cholinergic system by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity in brain tissue. Furthermore, AASWE effectively down-regulated inflammatory mediators such as phosphorylated-JNK, phosphorylated-NF-κB, TNF-α and interleukin-6. The major bioactive compounds of AASWE were identified as quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranosyl(1→2)-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-glucopyranose, quercetin-3-O-apiosyl(1→2) -galactoside, rutin and 3-caffeoylquinic acid. Based on these results, we suggest that AASWE not only increases the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines, but also shows an ameliorating effect on LPS-induced cognitive impairment.