Ultrasonic stimulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway for renal protection.

AKI encompasses a large spectrum of pathophysiological processes starting from the early reversible proximal tubular lesion to the definite loss of glomerular filtration and even death. Even discrete AKI ( i.e. , ≥0.3 mg/dl increase in serum creatinine in humans) has been reported to be associated