Cytokine alterations in psoriasis: an updated review.

Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease affecting 125 million people globally. It is characterized by erythematous plaques in the skin, covered by silvery scales. However, non-cutaneous manifestations (e.g., joint symptoms in psoriatic arthritis) and a high prevalence of other immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases reflect its systemic nature. So far, research on psoriasis pathogenesis has improved our knowledge of the roles of the immune system, and cytokines play significant roles in immune responses. Areas covered Herein, we review cytokine changes in psoriasis patients. Moreover, we will investigate the possible relationships between disease severity and cytokine profiles alongside describing cytokine alterations in psoriasis patients with other comorbidities. Lastly, we will discuss the biologics and their effects on cytokines in patients with psoriasis. Expert opinion : Psoriasis could develop various clinical types and clinical manifestations in people. It is an immune-mediated disease, and these manifestations are associated with different impaired cytokines. Imbalanced cytokine profiles could lead to abnormal keratinocytes, neovascularization, and inflammation in psoriasis patients. So, a better understanding of the cytokine roles can help one choose a specific cytokine-targeting biologic to treat psoriasis. Moreover, these cytokines may be used as a severity marker for following up with these patients.