A mineral layer as an effective binder to achieve strong bonding between a hydrogel and a solid titanium substrate

Hydrogel coating has been attractive to improve titanium implants’ compatibility with biological surroundings and their performance in clinic. Herein, a CaCO3 layer is fabricated at the interface of hydrogel–titanium to achieve strong interfacial bonding. This strategy does not require complicated surface modifications and has good prospects in the field of biomedical applications.