Nonexcitatory electrical signals for enhancing ventricular contractility: rationale and initial investigations of an experimental treatment for heart failure

major advances in pharmacological treatments for chronic heart failure in the setting of reduced ejection fraction have been made over the past two decades. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ([19][1]), β-blockers ([45a][2], [58][3], [60][4]), angiotensin II receptor type 1