NANOMETROLOGY IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

The science of measurement at the nanoscale is called Nanometrology. Its application underpins all of nanoscience and nanotechnologies. The ability to measure and characterize materials i.e. determine their size, shape and physical properties at the nanoscale is vital if nanomaterials and devices are to be produced to a high degree of accuracy and reliability. Nanometrology includes size measurements where dimensions are typically given in nanometers and the measurement uncertainty is often less than 1nm as well as measurement of force, mass, electrical and other properties. If techniques for making these measurements are advance, then by the understanding of nanoscale behavior, materials, industrial processes and reliability of production can be improved. Nanotechnologies, however defined, cannot progress independently without progress of Nanometrology. The instruments for making such measurements are many and varied. In this paper, review has been taken about development and recent progress in instruments used in biological and medical sciences for nanometrology. To trap viruses, bacteria, living cells, repairing bones, implant of soft tissues, artificial tooth development and cavity repair are important biomedical application areas of nanotechnology where the greater control on nanoscale is required. Electron Beam Techniques, Scanning Probe Techniques, Optical Tweezers are used for this purpose in nanonmedical science. This review paper will guide for researchers to select the proper technique for their experimental and investigational works.