Female behavior in mixed-sex competition: A review of the literature

Abstract In this literature review, two aspects of female behavior in mixed-sex competition were examined, competitive performance itself and physiological changes during competition. In nearly every study reviewed, at least some of the female subjects depressed performance levels, resulting in loss to male competitors. This was more likely to occur in naturalistic studies than in tightly controlled laboratory studies. Females who competed vigorously against males were characterized as being masculine or androgynous, having more internal locus of control, and preferring nontraditional roles. The data on female physiological responses in competitive situations suggest that conflicting social demands raise anxiety levels for at least some female competitors.