Design of low-loss single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

An in depth study of aperture placement relative to the electric field standing wave of oxide aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is presented. VCSELs with oxide apertures placed at a node and at an antinode are studied for their dependence of internal loss, far field, threshold current, and efficiency on the position of a thin AlO/sub x/ current aperture relative to the longitudinal standing wave in the cavity.