Generation of Unbound Comets and Planets by Planetary Systems

We present a three-dimensional model of the evolution of the asteroid–cometary–planetary (ACP) component of the Solar System under the gravitational influence of Jupiter. We demonstrate the origin of the Kuiper belt of the Sun, the Oort cloud of the Sun and Jupiter, as well as the ACP “spear,” which becomes elongated with time and transforms into a “ring” of ACP objects along the trajectory of the Sun orbiting the Galaxy center. When generalizing to the case of the Galaxy, we conclude that a noticeable portion of ACP objects turn out to be unbound with the host stars and form a field of free asteroids, comets, and planets of the Galaxy. Galaxies with small masses (M < 108 M⊙) lose a part of their unbound ACP material to the intergalactic space of their clusters and possess galactic ACP spears.