Reproductive success of farmed blue foxes

1997 
Summary The aim of this study was to provide basic data for the different components of reproductive performance of blue foxes under farm conditions. The foxes were mated naturally and the perinatal mortality of cubs was carefully recorded. This data allowed the evaluation of the effect of females' age and differences between years, and the maternal and paternal components of reproductive success. Generally the results were similar for all four years of the study. Altogether 2047 females (84.8 % of the total) gave birth to 22 941 cubs, of which 5.9% were stillborn and 11.4% died before weaning. Only in a very few cases (1.3%) was it the whole litter that was lost, and more commonly, there were some cub losses in almost one-half of the litters (46.9%). Abnormal birth and abortion of a part of a litter contributed most to reproductive failure of the vixen. Infanticide played a minimal role as a cause of postnatal cub mortality (0.3%). Death of the vixen was extremely rare. One half of all parturitions were dated between May 14 and May 28 and May 8 and May 20, for primiparous and multiparous vixens, respectively. Thus the parturitions peaked 5 days earlier (p < 0.001, median test) for multiparous vixens. The litter size was smaller and cub losses were higher for primiparous vixens than for multiparous ones. With a few exceptions, the age of the father or date of birth did not affect litter size or cub mortality. Postnatal cub mortality (y, %) decreased with age of the cub (x, days) and can be described by a simple equation: y = 15.3 — 11.2 log x, r2 = 0.933. Fractional cub mortality increased with increasing litter size. Despite being significant, this increase was modest in extent. Low h2-values were observed for litter size at birth. Zusammenfassung Der Zweck dieser Untersuchung war es, Basisinformation uber verschiedene Komponenten der Reproduktion bei farmgezuchteten Blaufuchsen zu gewinnen. Die Fahen wurden naturlich gepaart. Eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde der perinatalen Jungsterblichkeit gewidmet. Im allgemeinen waren die Ergebnisse fur alle vier Jahre der Untersuchung gleich. Insgesamt 2 047 Fahen (84.8% von) warfen 22 941 Jungen. Von diesen wurden 5.6% totgeboren, und 11.4% starben spater. Nur sehr selten war der ganze Wurf verloren (1.3%), aber Verluste fanden fast in der Halfte der Wurfe (46.9%) statt. Abnormale Geburt und Abort waren die haufigsten Ursachen der Geburtsprobleme der Fahen. Nur sehr selten brachte die Fahe ihre Jungen um (0.3%). Ebenso selten war ein Tod der Fahe. Eine Halfte der Geburten fanden zwischen 14 und 28 Mai, bei Jungfahen und zwischen 8 und 20 Mai bei alteren statt. Die Jungfahen hatten kleinere Wurfe und hohere Jungverluste als die Altfahen, wobei die Ruden fast keinen Einflus hatten. Die postnatale Jungsterblichkeit (y, %) nahm mit Alter der Jungen (x, Tage) rasch ab, und kann mit einer einfachen Gleichung dargestellt werden: y = 15.3 — 11.2 log x, r2 = 0.933. Jungsterblichkeit nahm mit der Grosse des Wurfes zu. Diese Wirkung war statistisch significant, zwar klein in Quantitat. Die Heritabilitatswerte (h2) der Wurfgrosse waren klein.
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