Polymorph Control in MSMPR Crystallizers. A Case Study with Paracetamol

Mixed-suspension mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallizers can potentially allow the production of metastable polymorphs. A necessary (but not sufficient) condition is to select operating conditions such that the steady-state concentration remains above the solubility of the metastable form. In this paper, we provide a framework that helps controlling polymorphism in MSMPR. We consider paracetamol as a model system and target the production of form II, which is metastable and rapidly converts to form I in batch. We combine experimental characterization (inline infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and imaging) with population balance modeling to investigate the possibility to produce the metastable form in a continuous manner. We identify a design space allowing the visualization of the regions where each form is obtained at steady state as a function of the kinetic parameters of both forms. We show that form II cannot be obtained at steady state in pure ethanol. However, the addition of a small am...