Design of Gradient and Node Remaining Energy Constrained Directed Diffusion Routing for WSN

In the conventional directed diffusion routing protocol (DD), the intermediate nodes retransmit the received interest message to all of the neighbor nodes by flooding, which can bring about great energy consumption to the network. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks called gradient and node remaining energy constrained directed diffusion routing (GRE-DD). By setting the maximum gradient diffusion depth, GRE-DD can help to reduce the times of retransmitting interest message at the interest propagation stage, leading to the reduction of transmitted data. By setting the minimum node remaining energy, GRE-DD help to increase the each node's probability of being selected to perform retransmission task, prolonging the node average working time and improving the network load balance. Simulation results indicate that GRE-DD greatly cuts down the average end-to-end delay, reduces energy consumption and extends the network lifetime.