A comprehensive review on biodegradable polymers and their blends used in controlled-release fertilizer processes

Biodegradable polymer-coated controlled- release fertilizers (PC-CRFs) are essential means to reduce cost, improve marketability, conserve land fertility, achieve high crop yields and combat climate challenges. It is known that about 15-30% of any fertilizer packed in a PC-CRF does not get released due to the concentra- tion gradient difference across the polymer coatings. To release the trapped fertilizer(s), it is desired that polymer- based coatings should biodegrade after the fertilizer is completely released into the soil. This review has aimed to provide a comprehensive account for various biodegrad- able polymers/blends derived either from natural or syn- thetic sources which are cited in the literature for PC-CRFs. In addition, this review covers the discussion on their classification criteria, trends in the processes of fertilizer coatings, methodological issues for their biodegradation assessment, coating attributes that affect the biodegra- dability and an outlook into their biodegradation kinetic models that involve enzymes and microbial processes. It also concludes that experimental as well as modeling data are insufficient to assess the biodegradation contribution of the overall nutrient release in PC-CRFs.