Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a reverse electrodialysis stack: A new approach to monitoring fouling and cleaning

Abstract When harvesting salinity gradient energy via reverse electrodialysis (RED), stack performance is monitored using DC characterizations, which does not provide information about the nature and mechanisms underlying fouling inside the stack. In order to assess the potential of natural salinity gradients as renewable energy source, progress in the fields of fouling monitoring and controlling is vital. To improve fouling and cleaning monitoring, experiments with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) were carried out while at the same time the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was measured at the RED stack level. EIS showed how SDBS affected the ohmic resistance of the stack, the non-ohmic resistance of the AEM and the non-ohmic resistance of the CEM on different time scales. Such detailed investigation into the effect of SDBS on different stack elements offered by EIS is not possible with traditional DC characterization. The results presented in this work illustrate the potential of EIS at the stack level for fouling monitoring. The knowledge presented shows the possibility to include EIS in up-scaled natural salinity gradient RED applications for fouling monitoring purposes.