Diagnostic approach in multiple sclerosis with MRI: an update.

Although neurological examination and medical history are the first and most important steps towards the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), MRI has taken a prominent role in the diagnostic workflow especially since the implementation of McDonald criteria. However, before applying those on MR imaging features, other diseases must be excluded and MS should be favoured as the most likely diagnosis. For the prognosis the earliest possible and correct diagnosis of MS is crucial, since increasingly effective disease modifying therapies are available for the different forms of clinical manifestation and progression. This review deals with the significance of MRI in the diagnostic workup of MS with special regard to daily clinical practice. The recommended MRI protocols for baseline and follow-up examinations are summarized and typical MS lesion patterns ("green flags") in four defined CNS compartments are introduced. Pivotal is the recognition of neurological aspects as well as imaging findings atypical for MS ("red flags"). In addition, routinely assessment of Aquaporin-4-IgG antibodies specific for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) as well as the knowledge of associated lesion patterns on MRI is recommended. Mistaken identity of such lesions with MS and consecutive implementation of disease modifying therapies for MS can worsen the course of NMOSD.