Biologgers reveal post-release behavioural impairments of freshwater turtles following interactions with fishing nets

Bycatch, the incidental capture of non-target organisms, occurs in most commercial fisheries. Although immediate bycatch mortality is frequently documented in fisheries, detrimental sub-lethal effects and potential post-release mortality remain largely unknown despite the potential population-level consequences. Turtles are captured as bycatch and their populations are vulnerable to slight increases in adult mortality. In eastern Ontario, turtles are frequently captured as bycatch in a small-scale freshwater commercial fyke-net fishery and, currently, the fate of discarded turtles is unknown. We wished to determine the effect of fyke-net capture on post-release survival and behaviour in eastern musk turtles Sternotherus odoratus and painted turtles Chrysemys picta. We used biologgers equipped with tri-axial acceleration, depth and temperature sensors to document locomotor activity, vertical distribution, and temperature use of entrapped (exposed to forced submergence for 4 h) and control turtles upon release. Overall dynamic body acceleration was used as a measure of post-release activity for the first hour, first 6 h, and first 48 h. Post-release mortality was not detected. Turtles subjected to entrapment exhibited lower activity during the first 6 h following release, and their vertical distribution and temperature use differed in the first 2 h following release, but these effects disappeared after 48 h, suggesting turtles have the ability to recover. Quantifying the post-release mortality and sub-lethal effects of entrapment is important for estimating the population effects associated with bycatch.