Characteristics of human mobility patterns revealed by high-frequency cell-phone position data.

Human mobility is an important characteristic of human behavior, but since tracking personalized position to high temporal and spatial resolution is difficult, most studies on human mobility patterns rely largely on mathematical models. Seminal models which assume frequently visited locations tend to be re-visited, reproduce a wide range of statistical features including collective mobility fluxes and numerous scaling laws. However, these models cannot be verified at a time-scale relevant to our daily travel patterns as most available data do not provide the necessary temporal resolution. In this work, we re-examined human mobility mechanisms via comprehensive cell-phone position data recorded at a high frequency up to every second. We found that the next location visited by users is not their most frequently visited ones in many cases. Instead, individuals exhibit origin-dependent, path-preferential patterns in their short time-scale mobility. These behaviors are prominent when the temporal resolution of the data is high, and are thus overlooked in most previous studies. Incorporating measured quantities from our high frequency data into conventional human mobility models shows contradictory statistical results. We finally revealed that the individual preferential transition mechanism characterized by the first-order Markov process can quantitatively reproduce the observed travel patterns at both individual and population levels at all relevant time-scales.