Sulfur contributes to stable and efficient carbon-based perovskite solar cells.

Abstract The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is already higher than those of other thin-film photovoltaic technologies, but the stability issue limits their applications. The introduction of sulfur-based compounds in PSCs could contribute to their stability. Herein, sulfur-based compounds have been embedded into each functional layer to stabilize carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs). Results showed that the simultaneous introduction of sulfur-based compounds could decrease the trap states of perovskite film, enlarge the grain size of perovskite, and accelerate the charge transfer and extraction, leading to an improved performance. Comparing with the device without sulfide (10.77%), all sulfide C-PSCs obtained a PCE of 15.38%. The stability test showed much better resistance to humidity and thermal stress for all sulfide C-PSCs. They could retain 80% of initial PCE after aging about 700 h at relative humidity (RH) 45% ± 10% and 80 °C.