Metabolic Stone Disease in Children

When compared with the adult population, which has an overall 1–2 % incidence, urinary stone disease in children is relatively rare but often associated with metabolic abnormalities that can lead to recurrent stone episodes, emphasizing the necessity of full metabolic evaluation after the first stone episode. As a recurrent pathology that may reveal functional as well and morphologic changes in the urinary tract, each child should be evaluated ­thoroughly on an individual basis.