Treatment in epileptic encephalopathy with ESES and Landau–Kleffner syndrome

Epileptic encephalopathy with electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) is an age-related syndrome with acquired neurodevelopmental deficits in relation to epilepsy with many seizure types. Early and accurate treatment is aimed at prevention or reduction of associated cognitive deficits and, to a lesser extent, control seizures. Evidence for an optimal treatment strategy is still lacking. Here, we review the current literature on treatment efficacy in patients with epileptic encephalopathy with ESES.