A Second-best Congestion Pricing Model Considering Both Road Network Reliability and Spatial Equity

According to travelers' risk aversive route choice behaviors under a stochastic road network environment,a second-best congestion pricing bi-level programming model considering both network reliability and spatial equity is proposed.In the upper level model,the optimization objective is to maximize the social welfare of the road network with the spatial equity constraints,while the lower level model is an elastic demand user equilibrium model with travel time reliability taken into account in the presence of congestion pricing.In consideration of the complexity of bi-level programming model,a combined algorithm based on genetic algorithm and Frank-Wolfe algorithm is presented to solve the proposed model.The results of numerical experiments show that,by comparison with traditional second-best congestion pricing model,the proposed model with travel time reliability taken into account can generate evidently different equilibrium flow distribution patterns,which reflects that travelers' route choice behaviors could directly influence the results of congestion pricing.In addition,the results suggest that genetic algorithm is quite robust to different parameter settings.