Low pressure oxidation of ordered Sn/Pd(110) surface alloys

The reaction of oxygen at low pressure with the Sn/Pd(110) system has been examined by photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The c(2 × 2) and (3 × 1) reconstructions of the Sn/Pd(110) surface at 0.5 and 0.7 monolayers (ML) Sn coverage and a 1.75 ML Sn overlayer on the Pd(110) surface after flashing to 470 K were studied. The Sn 4d core level is strongly affected by O2 adsorption while the Pd 3d core level shows very little change other than a decrease in intensity. Starting with a 10 L dose of oxygen, prominent changes in the spectra were observed for all Sn/Pd(110) surface alloys. Analysis of the Sn 4d core levels indicates that oxidation proceeds with the formation of well-defined states of Sn, which were identified as a Pd–Sn–O interface layer, SnO and SnO2 oxides. The valence band spectra confirm this assignment. The Sn2+ and Sn4+ component signals originate from the topmost surface layer, i.e. tin atoms in more highly oxidized states constitute the topmost surface layer on top of the Pd–Sn–O interface. The presence of a sub-surface PdSn intermetallic alloy facilitates the tin oxide formation; the Sn–O phase formation is accompanied by Pd–Sn bond dissociation.