Quantification of intrusive/retraction force and moment generated during en-masse retraction of maxillary anterior teeth using mini-implants: A conceptual approach

The aim of the present study was to clarify the biomechanics of en-masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth and at-tempt to quantify the different forces and moments generated using mini-implants and to calculate the amount of applied force optimal for en-masse intrusion and retraction using mini-implants. The optimum force required for en-masse intrusion and