Diverse values and benefits of urban sacred natural sites

Abstract Urban sacred natural sites, found globally, are important green spaces that provide cultural and ecological benefits. They are under increasing pressure due to the impacts of urbanization, while at the same time being needed more than ever. They provide both spiritual values as well as ecosystem services such as pollution control. Cases of urban sacred natural sites are presented and compared, ranging from Swayambhu, Nepal to Meiji Jingu, Japan and Ambohimanga, Madagascar to Krakus Mound, Poland. Despite a wide diversity of associated faith traditions, some common features of these sites include sacred species of trees and symbolic boundary markers. Some of the locations have been declared World Heritage Sites, which has resulted in increased tourism. Future conservation efforts should take into account the diversity of managers and associated management systems for these sites, as well as their multiple users, ranging from participants in associated ceremonies to tourists to city residents.