Concordant acute myeloblastic leukemia in identical twins treated with allogeneic transplantation from a younger HLA-identical sibling following a single apheresis procedure

A concordant leukemia is that which occurs in a pair of monozygotic twins; a similar genetic background suggests an in utero monoclonal origin. We present the case of a pair of monozygotic infants with concordant acute myeloid leukemia who underwent a peripheral blood hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) from a single, younger human leukocyte antigen-identical sibling donor, using a fractioned graft collected during only one apheresis procedure. Twin A relapsed at +456 and received a second haploidentical HSCT from his father, twin B has been in complete remission since the first HSCT. Both children are in complete remission and with negative minimal residual disease at +900 (after second transplant) and +1488, respectively.