An ultrasensitive method: surface-enhanced Raman scattering of Ag nanoparticles from β-silver vanadate and copper

Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering signals of four typical analytes were observed on Ag nanoparticles from β-silver vanadate and copper, even though the concentrations of these analytes were as low as 1 × 10−16 M (Rhodamine 6G or crystal violet) and 1 × 10−15 M (trinitrotoluene or bovine serum albumin).