The Tree Vandalism Model (Tvm): Quantifying urban tree vandalism status

The Tree Vandalism Model (TVM) was developed to assist decision-makers and tree managers to quantify the status of tree vandalism incidence in the urban area. The model quantifies tree vandalism incident influenced by the shortcoming of tree conditions, tree vandalism incident derived from human error and tree vandalism incident due to lack of urban tree concern; which that interpret the number of tree vandalism throughout the area; the tree vandalism composite index value throughout the area; and a tree vandalism classification. Keywords: Composite Index, Tree Vandalism, Urban Stresses, Urban Tree Care. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.3031