Experimental rat models for contrast-induced nephropathy; a comprehensive review

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic disease caused by the parenteral administration of iodinated contrast media (CM). A number of agents are currently being assessed to minimise or prevent CIN. Such agents are typically assessed using rat models. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the rat models of CIN used in pre-clinical research. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were systematically searched. Articles reporting rat models of CIN were included for assessment. Study designs, contrast agents and outcome measures were assessed. Of the assessed studies, a majority report a requirement for pre-existing renal impairment prior to the administration of CM. Outcome measures are heterogenous between studies, but typically include assessment and quantification of serum biochemical markers, cellular oxidative stress and histopathological changes. The significant variation in methodology reported in the current literature highlights the lack of consensus. The use of a reliable pre-contrast insult appears critical to result in the development of contrast nephropathy. The use of acceptable outcome measures appears to include serum laboratory markers, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and objective histopathological outcomes.