Folding and Unfolding Dynamics of Titin Immunoglobulin Domain Under Constant Forces

The mechanical stability of force-bearing proteins is crucial for their functions. However, slow transition rates of complex protein domains have made it challenging to investigate their equilibrium force-dependent structural transitions. Using ultra-stable magnetic tweezers, we report the first equilibrium single-molecule force manipulation study of the classic titin I27 immunoglobulin domain. We found that individual I27 in a tandem repeat unfold/fold independently. We obtained the force-dependent free energy difference between unfolded and folded I27, and determined the critical force of ∼ 5.2 pN at which unfolding and folding have equal probability. We also determined the force-dependent free energy landscape of unfolding/folding transitions based on measurement of the free energy cost of unfolding.Our results suggest that the conformations of titin immunoglobulin domains can be significantly altered during low force, long duration muscle stretching. The ultra-stable magnetic tweezers can be used to study the folding/unfolding dynamics of other complex proteins.