Templated fabrication of hierarchically porous Fe–Ti bimetallic solid superacid for efficient photochemical oxidation of azo dyes under visible light

Abstract A new hierarchically porous solid superacid SO 4 2 - /Fe 2 − x Ti x O 3 was prepared by way of facile citric acid templates and sulfuric acid impregnating strategy. The prepared catalyst exhibited high activity and stability for activation of H 2 O 2 as higher than 90% of organic dyes were decomposed in 30 min at neutral pH under visible light irradiation. UV–vis spectrum and ion chromatography were used to investigate the degradation pathway of dyes. By characterizations, it was found that incorporation of titanium and sulfur had a significant effect on properties and structure of the solid. Large numbers of strong Lewis acid sites were produced on the surface due to cooperative effect of Ti and S, which made significant contributions toward high activity in strong alkaline condition (pH 10.0). Meanwhile, the transition metal doping and oxygen vacancies generation can narrow the band gap of the catalyst and efficiently enhance visible light photocatalytic performance. It was also observed that high catalytic activity can hardly be achieved if acid functionalization or light irradiation was applied individually. This was clearly evidenced that the synergetic effect of acid sites and photo-induced electrons transfer played a crucial role in Fenton reaction, which may be attributed to that the appearance of acid sites (Lewis and Bronsted acidic center) was favorable for the separation of photo-induced electrons and holes and suppressed charge recombination.