The Integration of Artificial Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimization to Forecast World Green Energy Consumption

Abstract In this study an integrated particle swarm optimization (PSO) and artificial neural network (ANN) is presented for analyzing world fossil fuels, primary energy and green energy consumption. For this purpose, these steps are followed: STEP 1: In the first step, PSO is applied in order to determine world's oil, natural gas, coal and primary energy demand equations based on socioeconomic indicators. world population, gross domestic product, oil trade movement and natural gas trade movement are used as socioeconomic indicators in this study. Two scenarios are defined for forecasting each socioeconomic indicator in a future time domain: Scenario I: For each socioeconomic indicator, the polynomial trend line is fitted to the observed data with the highest correlation coefficient value and projected for a future time domain. Scenario II: for each socioeconomic indicator, a feed-forward back propagation ANN is trained and projected for a future time domain. STEP 2: In the second step, world green energy ...