Optimal exposure for closure of ventricular septal defects through the tricuspid valve

Closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common procedures performed in congenital heart surgery. With the advances in surgical and anesthetic technique, precise knowledge of the anatomy, refinements in perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass, and post-operative intensive care management, closing a VSD has become a routine and low-risk procedure.