Umbilical cord clamping in term piglets: A useful model to study perinatal asphyxia?

Perinatal asphyxia results in tissue and cellular changes during the reperfusion period and clinical signs like perinatal mortality and decreased vitality at birth in newborn piglets. This study aimed to develop and validate a model of birth asphyxia, mimicking the evolvement of birth asphyxia in natural farrowings by conducting umbilical cord clamping (UCC) in term piglets during caesarean sections under general anaesthesia. In total 23 piglets were subjected to 5–8 min of UCC and 24 piglets served as controls. Acid–base balance values and heart rates measured before UCC remained fairly constant throughout the surgical procedure, indicating nearly identical starting conditions of piglets within and between litters. UCC resulted in a significant, mild, mixed respiratory-metabolic acidosis (pH 7.22, pCO2 9.8 kPa, BEecf 2 mmol/L, lactate 6.5 mmol/L; controls: pH 7.31, pCO2 8.5 kPa, BEecf 5 mmol/L, lactate 4 mmol/L) at 10 min after birth (defined as simultaneous cutting of the umbilical cord and removal of a plastic bag that had been placed over the head to avoid air intake). Heart rates were significantly decreased during UCC (range: 83–107 beats/min versus 128–134 beats/ min in controls). Rectal temperatures and changes in body weight until 72 h of life were not affected by UCC. Interestingly, four control and seven clamped piglets did not survive as no independent respiration could be attained. Birth weights and duration of UCC of these piglets did not differ significantly from those in surviving control and clamped piglets. In conclusion the mixed respiratory-metabolic acidosis arising in the surviving clamped piglets is not as severe as can be expected in highly asphyxiated, vaginally delivered newborn piglets. Repeatability of the model is compromised by considerable variation in the individual response to UCC.